Mukna – The Traditional Wrestling of Manipur, India Mukna is a traditional form of wrestling indigenous to the northeastern Indian state of Manipur, recognized not just as a sport but as a significant expression of Meitei martial culture, spirituality, and heritage. Rooted in ancient Meitei traditions, Mukna is not only a physical contest of strength and skill but also a symbol of honor, discipline, and social unity. Historical Origins of MuknaThe origins of Mukna are deeply embedded in Manipur’s mythology and oral traditions. It is believed that the art dates back over a thousand years and was associated with the sacred Lai Haraoba festival, a traditional celebration honoring the deities and ancestral spirits of the Meitei community. Mukna was popularized through epic narratives such as the Khamba-Thoibi legend, where the protagonist Khamba proves his worth in the royal court through a wrestling contest. It served as both a rite of passage and a means of demonstrating valor. Over centuries, Mukna became institutionalized and was promoted by the kings of Manipur as part of state rituals and royal festivities. Wrestlers, known as "mukna-chingba," were respected members of society, often trained from a young age under the guidance of elder wrestlers and spiritual mentors. Roles and Rules of Mukna The core objective of Mukna is to throw the opponent to the ground, making them touch the earth with any part of the body other than their feet. Attire:Wrestlers wear a loincloth (ningri), and their waists are tied with strong cloth called khamen chatpa which helps in gripping during the match. Rules:Only upper-body techniques and legitimate grappling moves are allowed. No striking, punching, or kicking is permitted. A match ends when one wrestler pins down or throws the other onto the ground. Matches are overseen by referees or "Maiba," traditionally considered spiritual figures as well. Cultural Roles:Mukna is part of major festivals like Lai Haraoba and is seen as an offering of strength and endurance to the divine. Wrestlers represent villages or clans, and the competition becomes a point of collective pride. It is also used for conflict resolution, where differences are settled through a dignified and symbolic form of combat. Cultural Relevance and RevivalMukna represents community strength, moral values, discipline, and bravery. Its performance during sacred festivals reinforces the link between sport and spirituality. The practice also fosters inter-generational learning, as elders pass down not only techniques but also stories, rituals, and ethical teachings to the youth. However, modern influences and the decline of traditional gatherings have threatened the continuity of Mukna. The ICTSG and organizations in Manipur have taken steps to document, standardize, and revive Mukna, placing it within the broader effort to safeguard Traditional Sports and Games (TSG) globally.